四級閱讀理解練習(xí)(101)

fliger

The first pre-election poll, or “straw vote”,as it was then called,was conducted by the Harrisburg Pennsylvanian before the 1824 presidential election.This straw vote and the many that followed it really registered nothing but local opinion.However, as communications improved and elections were won by closer and closer margins,newspapers and journals tried desperately to satisfy their readers' curiosity in more reliable ways.?

       Before the 1928 elections,no fewer than eighty-five publications made private inquiries,generally by means of questionnaires(問卷、調(diào)查表)sent to subscribers(訂戶) and by telephone surveys.The principle common to all these inquiries was that they depended on quantity rather than quality;little effort was made to reach representatives of all segments(部分) of the population.Still,the erroneous belief persisted that the greater the number of questionnaires,the more accurate the results would be .The record was held by the American monthly Literary Digest,which sent out millions of postcards with short and pointed questions before each election,and received many hundreds of thousands of replies.In fact ,in 1932,the Literary Digest's forecast was off by only 1 percent.?

       In view of such striking achievements,it (粗魯?shù)? for the young American journalist,George Gallup,to claim that large numbers were irrelevant,and that equally accurate or better predictions could be made with a small but carefully selected sample of the population and a small team of skilled interviewers.?
In 1936,it took Gallup a long time to convince thirty-five newspaper editors that his system was much cheaper than the customary mass inquiries and that it could provide surprisingly accurate predictions.The editors finally agreed,on condition that if Gallup's predictions were less accurate than those obtained by the tried method of the Literary Digest,he would have to refund (賠償) the entire cost of the investigation.Although the Literary Digest broke its own record by obtaining two million replies to its electoral postcards that year,its prediction was wrong by 19 percent,whereas Gallup's was off by less than 1 percent. ?

1.From the passage we know that the earliest pre-election polls were ____ in reflecting the public opinions.?
A)meaningful B)inaccurate C)satisfying D)successful

2.All of the following are the characteristics of the inquiries mentioned in the second paragraph except____ .?
A)a large number of questionnaires were sent out
B)quantity rather than quality was emphasized?
C)almost no effort was made to interview people from every walk of life?
D)every publication in America got involved?

3.We can infer from the passage that in the beginning the newspaper editors were____ Gallup's system.?
A)doubtful of C)displeased with
B)enthusiastic about D)indignant at ?

4.We can infer from the passage that in the early 1930s___?
A)Gallup was a famous journalist
B)the Literary Digest liked to break records?
C)the literary Digest was the biggest monthly in America?
D)the method of the Literary Digest was popular and well-received?

5.Gallup's system proved to be____ .?
A)much cheaper B)a great failure
C)a huge success D)much costly?

答案與解析：
1.B 文章的第一段告訴我們，最初的選舉前的民意測驗(yàn)反映的僅僅是地方性的局部意見，由此可見它們在反映民意方面是不夠準(zhǔn)確的。?

2.D 從文章第二段可知，這些調(diào)查共同的特點(diǎn)是重量不重質(zhì)，錯誤地認(rèn)為發(fā)出去的問卷越多結(jié)果就越準(zhǔn)確，而且調(diào)查的對象缺乏廣泛性。由此可見，A、B、C三項(xiàng)都是這些民意調(diào)查的特點(diǎn)，而D項(xiàng)既不符合事實(shí)，也談不上是什么特點(diǎn)。?

3.A 由文章第四段可知，蓋洛普花了很長時間才說服35位報紙編輯采用他的調(diào)查方法。由此可斷定，對他的方法編輯們起初是持懷疑態(tài)度的。B項(xiàng)不符合事實(shí)，C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)在文中也找不到依據(jù)。?

4.D 蓋普洛當(dāng)時只是個年輕的記者，費(fèi)了很大勁才說服別人采用他的調(diào)查方法，所以A項(xiàng)是不正確的。文中雖然兩次提到《文摘》月刊保持和打破紀(jì)錄，但也不能由此推斷它喜歡破紀(jì)錄，所以B項(xiàng)也不正確。C項(xiàng)在文中找不到依據(jù)，所以也不對。只有D項(xiàng)是正確的推論，因?yàn)槲恼碌诙�段的最后一句告訴我們，《文摘》對1932年選舉的預(yù)測誤差僅為百分之一，而且第四段又說編輯們給蓋洛普提的條件是如果他的預(yù)測不如《文摘》準(zhǔn)確，他就得掏錢負(fù)擔(dān)整個調(diào)查的費(fèi)用，可見《文摘》采用的方法是為大多數(shù)人所接受的。?

5.C 看懂文章的最后一句話即確定正確答案是C。whereas Gallup's was off by less than 1 percent 意為“而蓋洛普的預(yù)測誤差不到百分之一”。