微小信號測量（pV級測量儀器）

泓睿

P13型EM直流微微電壓計是一種極其敏感的儀器，可以對低至2×10-11Vdc的進行放大和測量。
對于低阻抗電橋平衡而言，它是一種十分理想的零位探測器。
噪聲性能可使用一個1Ω或更大的電源阻抗，探測等級將受到約翰遜電源噪聲的限制。P13型微微電壓計的同等噪聲阻抗僅為1Ω。為了充分利用噪聲性能，可借助一個較低的電源阻抗。由于P13型微微電壓計可以與10000Ω或更大的電源阻抗共同使用，如果電源阻抗過高，那么其特性將被電源噪聲所覆蓋。必須對輸入線和連接保持高度關注，以確保阻抗盡可能的低于儀器的規定值。

為了實現極低的探測等級，不得不將溫度和時間的偏移特性保持在以前難以達到的標準。

P13型EM直流微微電壓計確保，即便是在常規的實驗室環境中，也能夠便利的利用較低的電壓范圍。本儀器卓越的穩定性意味著它對于長期偏移衡量是一種理想的工具，可以被耦合至記錄器上，并在長期內保持無人值守狀態。
用戶可以借助6位濾波器對響應時間進行控制，并對即將測試的電路板的噪聲降低到期望值。可以利用一個11位的多開關對校準的補償電壓實施控制，可以使補償電壓達到100μV。可以借此來衡量在相對較大信號中的較小變動。可借助校準的電位計對可彌補的輸入等級進行限制，也就是大約0.01%。
包含護蓋的純銅輸入終端布置，便于對將接受測量的電路進行連接。
在前面板上設有一個開關，隨著基本幅度靈敏性下降100萬倍，可以提供第二個輸入。
在儀器尾部由兩個輸出，其中一個是直接的，另外一個是被隔離的。在隔離器具備良好的線性時，且需要最大的線性時，可以使用直接輸出。   

該儀器裝有可反復充電的電池，因此具備完全隔離的優點。電池充電過程中存在兩種模式。儀器可以被連接至主電源，并使用特殊設計的多屏主變壓器，或配備一個獨立的連接器，以便外部電流發電器能夠被用來保持電池的充電。

當需要小信號的長期解決方案時，第二個模式便能發揮作用。
P13工藝十分高超，能夠滿足極高的標準，帶有終端護蓋，能夠十分便利的插入兩個外部前置端子上。

The EM DC Picovoltmeter ModelP13 is an ultra sensitive instrument which can amplify and measure DC potentialdown to about 20 picovolts (2 X 10e-11 volts).
It is ideal for use as a null detector for lowimpedance bridge balancing.
The noise performance is such that, using asource impedance of 1 ohm or higher, the detection level will be limited by theJohnson noise of the source. The equivalent noise resistance of the P13 is only1 ohm. To make full use of the noise performance, it is desirable to use itwith low source impedance. While the P13 can be operated with source impedanceof 10 K ohm or more, its characteristic will be overwhelmed by the source noiseif the source impedance is too high. Great care must be taken with the inputleads and connections, to keep their resistance below enr of the instrument ifpossible.
In order to realise ultra low detection levels,the drift characteristics with temperature and time have to be maintained tolevels which have been hithertounattainable.       The design of The P13 ensuresthat, even in normal laboratory environments, the lower ranges are easy to use.
The excellent stability of this instrument meansthat it is deal for long term drift measurements, and may be coupled to arecorder and left unattended for long periods.
A six position filter gives the user controlover the response time and reduction of noise from the circuit being measured.
A calibrated offset voltage control is providedwith an eleven position multiplier switch, giving a maximum offset of plus andminus 100 microvolts. This can be used to measure small changes incomparatively large signals. The level of input which can be offset on anyrange will be limited only by the resolution of the calibrated potentiometer,i.e. about 0.01%.
The pure copper input terminal arrangement, withshield, allows easy connection to the circuit to be measured.
A second input is provided, in conjunction witha switch on the front panel, which decreases the sensitivity of the basicranges by one million times.
There are two outputs at the rear of theinstrument, one direct and the other isolated. The direct output is used wheremaximum linearity is required although the isolator also has good linearity.
The instrument is battery operated from internalchargeable batteries and so has the advantage of complete isolation. There aretwo modes of battery charging. The instrument may be connected to the mainssupply and use the specially designed multiple screened toroidal mainstransformer, or a separate connector is provided so that an external currentgenerator may be used to maintain the batterycharge.       The latter mode may be useful whenlong term resolution of small signals is required.
The P13 is engineered to a very high standardand comes complete with a terminal shield, which simply plugs onto the twoouter front terminals.

P13型直流微微電壓計說明書

范圍
輸入：1： 12個基本范圍.  ±1nV fsd到 ± 300uVfsd.
輸入：2：借助X 1M衰減器， ± 1mV fsd至 ± 300V fsd。

Range
Input 1. 12 basic ranges.  +/- 1nV fsd to +/- 300uV fsd.
Input 2. +/- 1mV fsd to +/- 300V fsd. via X 1Mattenuator精確性
直接輸出： ±0.5%                                                      

隔離輸出：1%
±2% fsd.
衰減器 ± 0.5%Accuracy
Direct Output. +/-0.5%                                                                                     Isolated Output. 1%
Meter +/- 2% fsd.
Attenuator +/- 0.5%零點偏移優于300pV/℃

Zero Drift
Better than 300pV per degree C.
噪聲
同等的噪聲阻抗低于1Ω。
峰峰噪聲電壓取決于濾波器設置。當時間常數為30秒時，將能提供一個大約為50×10-6V的帶有短路輸入的峰峰噪聲電壓。

Noise
Equivalent noise resistance less than 1 ohm.
Peak to peak noise voltage depends on filtersetting e.g. filter time constant 30 seconds gives peak to peak noise voltageof approximately 50 picovolts with short circuit input電源阻抗高達1000Ω
在較低電源阻抗上可全面實現的P13噪聲性能小于或大致等同于同等噪音比。SourceResistance
Up to 1 K ohm.
The full potential of the noise performance ofthe P13 will be realised at low source impedance, less than or comparable withthe enr.解決方案

優于20pV，取決于反應時間。
Resolution
Better than 20 Pico volts, dependent on response time.輸入阻抗

輸入1：大約為1MΩ，輸入步驟變化后3秒，輸入將會隨著時間上升至100MΩ以上。
輸入2：10MΩInputImpedance
Input 1. Approximately 1 M ohm, 3 seconds after a step change in theinput increasing with time to more than 100 M ohm.
Input 2. 10 M ohm.補償電流可在前面板上調整至0.
溫度系數優于20pA/℃。OffsetCurrent
Adjustable to zero at the front panel.
Temperature coefficient better than 20pA perdegree C.響應時間取決于濾波器的設定和范圍。最低為250毫秒，最大為300秒。
ResponseTime
Depends on setting of filter and range. Minimum 250 milliseconds. Maximum300 seconds.濾波器前面板上開關操作的六點位低通濾波器。Filter
Six position low pass filter operated by a switch on the front panel.補償帶有刻盤的10位電位計，在前面板上的刻度為0-100，與一個11點位的開關共同提供最大的補償為正負0nV, 100nV, 1uV, 10uV, 100uV,以及一個a’0’的點位。解析度優于0.01%。精確度優于1%。

Offset
10 turn potentiometer with dial, calibrated 0-100 on the front panel, inconjunction with an eleven position switch giving maximum offsets of plus andminus 10nV, 100nV, 1uV, 10uV, 100uV, and a '0' position. Resolution better than0.01%. Accuracy better than 1%.

串模抑制在50Hz時大于80dB.
SeriesMode Rejection
Greater than 80dB at 50Hz.

共模抑制在50Hz時大于180dB（輸出到輸入）。CommonMode Rejection
Greater than 180dB at 50Hz (output to Input)輸出直接和隔離的輸出導致0到 ± 1V的滿刻度偏移。
放大器增益在與電壓設定范圍相同。Outputs
Direct and Isolated outputs giving 0 to +/- 1V for full scaledeflection.
Amplifier gain equals the reciprocal of therange setting in volts隔離機箱輸入：100GΩ
輸入到輸出：1pF不平衡能力分流的100GΩ。Isolation
Input to case. 100 G ohm.
Input to output. 100 G ohm shunted by 1pFunbalanced capacity.連接器輸入：低熱電勢純銅終端，具備基本測量范圍，在終端罩上有一個插座（輸入1）。
“輸入2”和“機箱”。4毫米插座端子。
在面板尾部4毫米插座上的輸出。Connectors
Inputs. Low thermal emf pure copper terminals for basic ranges (Input 1)with plug on terminal cover.
'Input 2' and 'Case'. 4mm terminal sockets.
Outputs 4mm sockets at rear panel.儀器緊帶安培計。
100毫米鏡面表盤，刻度為10-0-10以及3-0-3。
Meter
Taut band movement type.
100mm Mirror Scale calibrated 10-0-10 and 3-0-3.電源內部可重新充電電池在滿電情況下可以維持50個小時以上的運轉。內部干線充電器為電池充電16小時，當儀器關閉或調至20小時后，方可使用。電源要求為110伏或240伏。50Hz或60Hz,5VA.
電池可以從外部電源充電。最低電壓為20V。
電池容量：1.2Ah。
外部充電器必須為電源。PowerSupply
Internal rechargeable batteries giving more than 50 hours operation froma full charge. Internal mains powered charger fully charges the batteries in 16hours with the instrument switched off or 20 hours when in use. Power required110V or 240V. 50Hz or 60Hz 5VA.
There is an alternative input to the batteriesto charge from an external current source. Minimum voltage 20V
Battery capacity 1.2Ah.
NB. External charger must be a current source.規格寬度：314 (12.4英寸)
深度：322 (12.7英寸)

高度：179（7英寸），包括折疊式腳座。
Dimensions
Width 314 (12.4")
Depth 322 (12.7")
Height 179 (7") Including folded feet.重量28磅 (12.5千克)。

Weight
28 lb. (12.5Kg).

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